Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 22(3):386-390. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, p. 327. J Anal Toxicol 24(4):266-270. In: NIOSH manual of analytical methods. Hence, the form of cyanide to which exposure occurs, the salt or the free acid, does not influence distribution, metabolism, or excretion from the body. Search results for CYANIDE solution at Sigma-Aldrich. A solution of detergent and water (which should have a pH value of at least 8 but should not exceed a pH value of 10.5) should be available for use in decontamination procedures. The toxicity of sodium cyanide on freshwater aquatic life is shown in Table 39.6. Indoor Air: Sodium cyanide can be released into indoor air as fine droplets, liquid spray (aerosol), or fine particles. Respiratory effects: abnormally rapid, followed by abnormally slow respirations; accumulation of fluid in the lungs (pulmonary edema); and respiratory arrest. If the situation allows, control and properly dispose of run-off (effluent). A Totally-Encapsulating Chemical Protective (TECP) suit that provides protection against CBRN agents. Gather evidence, and place it in a clearly labeled impervious container. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The reagent is invariably purchased, although it can be prepared easily. Thus, wastewater treatment facilities must closely control the pH to achieve consistent ORP control, especially if they use hypochlorite as the oxidizing agent. Reacts with acids of all kinds to generate quantities of very poisonous hydrogen cyanide gas. Keep out of these areas. See Inhalation Exposure. CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. Although most of us have the traditional imagery of a … We will set this equal to x. 94-113. Individuals with chronic diseases of the kidneys, respiratory tract, skin, or thyroid are at greater risk of developing toxic cyanide … Remove all clothing (at least down to their undergarments) and place the clothing in a labeled durable 6-mil polyethylene bag. Exposure Limits. If breathing has ceased (apnea), provide artificial respiration. The major factors driving the growth of the market studied are the increasing demand from the mining industry and for use in polymer synthesis. Kb = [HA} [OH-] / [A-] where [A-] represents the concentration of CN- (.068M), Kb = Kw / Ka   = 1 x10-14 / 4.9 x 10-10  = 2 x 10-5. What is the pH od a 0.068 M aqueous solution of Sodium Cyanide. Begin tracking remains using waterproof tags. Hydrogen cyanide has a pKa of 9.22; thus, at physiological pH (about pH 7), hydrocyanic acid is distributed in the body as hydrogen cyanide and is not present as the free cyanide ion. Versey CJ, McAllisteer H, Langford RM [1999]. Nausea, vomiting (emesis), abdominal pain, and irritation or corrosion of the lining of the esophagus and stomach. The cyanide chemically bonds to the gold metal in the reaction: 4Au + 8CN +2H 2 Sigma-Aldrich offers a number of Sodium cyanide products. In the Cyanide Destruction by Hypochlorite reaction, the pH has a strong inverse effect on the ORP. Coveralls, long underwear, and a hard hat worn under the TECP suit are optional items. Gamoh K, Imamichi S [1991]. The term ‘cyanide’ refers to one of three classifications of cyanide, and it is critical to define the class of cyanide that is to be removed in a treatment plant. Guro VP [1981]. Upper and lower explosive (flammable) limits in air are not available for sodium cyanide. Anal Chim Acta 435(2):377-384. The user should verify compliance of the cards with the relevant STATE or TERRITORY legislation before use. Ion chromatography of inorganic anions with potentiometric detection using a metallic copper electrode. *Please select more than one item to compare Food: Sodium cyanide can be used to contaminate food. Please help! (Further information is available through AEGL Processexternal icon). A NIOSH-certified CBRN PAPR with a loose-fitting face-piece, hood, or helmet and a filter or a combination organic vapor, acid gas, and particulate cartridge/filter combination or a continuous flow respirator for air levels greater than AEGL-1. The warm zone should include two decontamination corridors. Examples of simple cyanide compounds are hydrogen cyanide, sodium cyanide and potassium cyanide.Certain bacteria, fungi, and algae can produce cyanide, and cyanide is found in a number of foods and plants. 1689 157(solid) 3414 157(solution) Formula. The pH of the solution is adjusted to about 4 - 5, because this gives the fastest reaction. Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. Do not touch or walk through the spilled agent if at all possible. If physical findings persist for 30 minutes after antidote administration, sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate may be readministered at half their original respective doses. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact the spilled agent. If physical findings persist for 30 minutes after antidote administration, sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate may be readministered at half their original respective doses. First, cyanide is oxidized to cyanate by sodium hypochlorite. Tsuge K, Kataoka M, Seto Y [2001]. Kb = [HA} [OH -] / [A -] where [A -] represents the concentration of CN - (.068M) View information & documentation regarding Sodium cyanide, including CAS, MSDS & more. However, in most gold cyanidation plants, the consumption of cyanide is high, which is 50-100 times higher than the theoretical calculation. Sodium cyanide is the most commonly used leaching chemical in gold extraction process. EPA [1996]. 25 mg/m 3 (as CN) See: cyanides. Free cyanide and thiosulfate (Reaction 8) are preferentially oxidised prior to the oxidation of copper cyanide and thiocyanate which occur in parallel. Sodium cyanide (NaCN), potassium cyanide (KCN), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), and cyanogen chloride (CNCl) are lethal, but thousands of compounds called nitriles contain the cyanide group yet aren't as toxic. Then protect persons downwind during the day: 0.1 mi (0.2 km). Then protect persons downwind during the night: 3.0 mi (4.9 km). 2. I don't know how to find the pH of NaCN when there are no hydrogens or hydroxides.. Ka for HCN is 4.9 x 10^-10. VZ7525000. The predominant mode of cyanide wastewater treatment is alkaline chlorination. Toxicol Lett 132(2):95-100. Determination of sodium cyanide in electrolytes with an ion-selective electrode. Infrared reflection absorption spectra of cyanide ion adsorbed on a platinum electrode in sodium perchlorate solution. NIOSH, CDC 2003. Stop the leak if it is possible to do so without risk to personnel, and turn leaking containers so that gas rather than liquid escapes. See Inhalation Exposure. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Wronski M [1981]. Anal Chim Acta 329(1-2):111-116. EPA [1996]. A pH 10 buffer solution and dilute bleach … Ikebukuro K, Shimomura M, Onuma N, Watanabe A, Nomura K, Nakanishi K, Arikawa Y, Karube L [1997]. Cardiovascular effects: shock, abnormal or disordered heart rhythms (dysrhythmias), critically low blood pressure, and cardiac arrest. Keep combustibles (e.g., wood, paper, and oil) away from the spilled agent. 16th ed. Containers may explode when heated or if they are contaminated with water. However, if you must, personnel should wear the appropriate PPE during environmental decontamination. Then protect persons downwind during the night: 0.4 mi (0.7 km). Coordinate responsibilities and prepare to enter the scene as part of the evaluation team along with the FBI HazMat Technician, local law enforcement evidence technician, and other relevant personnel. J Electroanal Chem 317(1-2):257-262. Rapid determination of cyanide and azide in beverages by microdiffusion sprectophotometric method. 2.96 d.11.07 second problem! Sodium cyanide solution in water is a strong base; it reacts violently with acid and is corrosive. Mild to moderate: CNS effects: headache, confusion, anxiety, dizziness, weakness (malaise), and loss of consciousness. Place all PPE in labeled durable 6-mil polyethylene bags. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, especially if solution dries out. Establish secure large-bore intravenous (IV) access. Interim AEGLs are available for use by organizations while awaiting NRC/NAS peer review and publication of Final AEGLs. Wear PPE until all remains are deemed free of contamination. Do not get water inside containers. CDC twenty four seven. • Requires high pH (pH 11) to ensure rapid and complete hydrolysis of highly toxic cyanogen chloride gas (reaction 8) • As for other methods, ferrocyanide is not destroyed, but only partially oxidized to ferricyanide (reaction 5). Franson MAH, ed. First isolate in all directions: 200 ft (60 m). Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The control of pH is important since at low pH, HCN forms which is not readily oxidised and the rate of cyanate oxidation increases. 77, No. Always move in a downward motion (from head to toe). Sodium cyanide decomposes on contact with acids, acid salts, water, moisture, and carbon dioxide, producing highly toxic, flammable hydrogen cyanide gas. As a ready-to-use product, customers don’t need to have solid mixing facilities or clean pH balanced water to dissolve Solid Sodium Cyanide. Saving Lives, Protecting People, The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Emergency Response Safety and Health Database, AMMONIA SOLUTION (UN 3318); AMMONIA, ANHYDROUS (UN 1005), U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Sodium cyanide releases highly flammable and toxic hydrogen cyanide gas on contact with acids or water. 143-33-9 RTECS No. Begin washing PPE of the first responder using soap and water solution and a soft brush. Sodium cyanide is used industrially across the globe, most frequently in the mining of gold. EPA SW-846 Method 9012A: Total and amenable cyanide (automated colorimetric, with off-line distillation). This treatment proceeds in two steps. Based on this equation, the quantities of HCN and OH- produced must be the same and therefore [HCN]=[OH-]. A new spectrophotometric method for the toxicological diagnosis of cyanide poisoning. Let the concentration of cyanide that associates #=# #x#, and given this stoichiometry: #x^2/(0.05-x)# #=# #2.1xx10^-5# This is a quadratic in #x# , which is solvable, but we can make the reasonable assumption that #(0.05-x)~=0.05# The cyanide effluent is oxidized with alkaline chlorine to nitrogen and carbon dioxide, using sufficient added caustic soda to give pH 9.5–10, again with a HRT of around 20 min. If the person who is poisoned cannot wake up, has a hard time breathing, or has convulsions, call 911 emergency services. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after the fire is out. The pH–potential diagram for lead in cyanide media for a concentration of 0.02 mol L −1, as found in cyanidation (Fig. First, cyanide is oxidized to cyanate by sodium hypochlorite. V [1992]. Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams. According to theoretical calculation, leaching 1 gram of gold only requires 0.5 grams of sodium cyanide. Compare Products: Select up to 4 products. Whole-body (systemic) toxicity can occur. The three classes of cyanide are: (1) total cyanide; (2) weak acid dissociable (WAD) cyanide; and (3) free cyanide as shown in Figure 1. Mansfeldt T, Biernath H [2001]. Eye effects: dilated pupils, inflammation of the surface of the eye, and temporary blindness. Sstandard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. Borgarello E, Serpone N, Torcini S, Minero STC, Pelizzetti E [1986]. 5.12), indicates that the element will be present as PbO(s) in the cyanided solid, and this solid speciation is confirmed by the data listed in Tables 5.3 and 5.4. Sodium cyanide decomposes on contact with acids, acid salts, water, moisture, and carbon dioxide, producing highly toxic, flammable hydrogen cyanide gas. Contact with sodium cyanide may cause burns to skin and eyes. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. A novel biosensor system for cyanide based on a chemiluminescence reaction. Sodium Cyanide, 2.5% w/v Safety Data Sheet according to Federal Register / Vol. SODIUM CYANIDE SOLUTION is weakly basic. IDLH. One decontamination corridor is used to enter the warm zone and the other for exiting the warm zone into the cold zone. What is the pH of 0.068M aqueous solution of sodium cyanide, Electronegativity and ionnisation energy trend in the periodic table, Electron affinity trend;why does it decrease down a group, Explain why the reactivity of elements in group 1 increases down the group but decrease in group 7 down the group. Hazardous concentrations may develop quickly in enclosed, poorly-ventilated, or low-lying areas. Acids should not be used around sodium cyanide or potassium cyanide unless absolutely necessary and then only after careful planning. First isolate in all directions: 1300 ft (390 m). Thoroughly wash and rinse (using cold or warm water) the contaminated skin of the patient/victim using a soap and water solution. EPA [1996]. Water: Sodium cyanide can be used to contaminate water. Zavod Lab 47(12):18-19. Hand any evidence over to the FBI. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tanks. Next, administer 0.75 mL per pound body weight of 25% sodium thiosulfate (1.65 mL per kilogram body weight of 25% sodium thiosulfate) intravenously over a period of 10 minutes. Always stay away from tanks engulfed in fire. Japan—A novel biosensor system for cyanide. A NIOSH-certified CBRN full-face-piece SCBA operated in a pressure-demand mode or a pressure-demand supplied air hose respirator with an auxiliary escape bottle. Move containers from the fire area if it is possible to do so without risk to personnel. Carbon dioxide from the air is sufficiently acidic to liberate toxic hydrogen cyanide gas on contact with sodium cyanide. However, methemoglobin levels should be monitored and not allowed to exceed 40%. DOT ID & Guide. Respiratory effects: respiratory tract irritation, difficulty breathing or shortness of breath (dyspnea), and transient increase in rate and depth of breathing (hyperpnea). 4th ed. Make sure to get into all areas, especially folds in the clothing. You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link. © 2021 Yeah Chemistry, All rights reserved. What is the pH of 0.068M aqueous solution of sodium cyanide srisri95 Wed, 02/29/2012 - 12:41 With Ka for HCN = 4.9x10^-10, what is the pH of a 0.068M aqueous solution of sodium cyanide? J Chromatogr A 321:363-374. If a tank, rail car, or tank truck is involved in a fire, isolate it for 0.5 mi (800 m) in all directions; also consider initial evacuation for 0.5 mi (800 m) in all directions. Immediately wash eyes with large amounts of tepid water for at least 15 minutes. Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) formation is the greatest potential hazard in using sodium cyanide or potassium cyanide solutions because some HCN gas will be released. J Chromatogr A 884(1-2):75-80. Prepare a cyanide antidote kit, for use under a physician’s direction, for symptomatic patient/victims. For small fires, do not use carbon dioxide; use dry chemical, dry sand, or alcohol-resistant foam. Next, administer 12.5 g (50 mL of a 25% solution) of sodium thiosulfate intravenously over a period of 10 minutes. Then protect persons downwind during the day: 0.8 mi (1.3 km). Note: Most foams will react with the agent and release corrosive/toxic gases. See the Decontamination section for decontamination procedures. Since this is a salt solution which could be considered to have formed from the neutralization of a strong base (NaOH) and a weak acid (HCN), the Na+ will have no effect on the pH of the solution while the CN- ion will undergo hydrolysis: CN-     +    H2O     -->    HCN    +    OH-. Biosens Bioelectron 12(2):viii-ix. J Anal Toxicol 25(4):228-236. Agricultural: If sodium cyanide is released as fine droplets, liquid spray (aerosol), or fine particles, it has the potential to contaminate agricultural products. 1. Remove the SCBA after other PPE has been removed. For large fires, use water spray, fog, or alcohol-resistant foam. Anal Chim Acta 259(1):45-52. Separation of inorganic anions by unsuppresed ion chromatography. Remove PPE by rolling downward (from head to toe) and avoid pulling PPE off over the head. Caliamanis A, McCormick MJ, Carpenter PD [2000]. Ka for HX is 7.5 x 10^-12. Sodium cyanide is poisonous and may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through the skin. Decontaminate remains before they are removed from the incident site. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Establish a preliminary (holding) morgue. Kawashima H, Ikezawa Y, Takamura T [1991]. A simple, rapid and sensitive semimicro method for the measurement of cyanide in blood. Immediately remove the patient/victim from the source of exposure. Cover the patient/victim to prevent shock and loss of body heat. a. Be careful not to break the patient/victim’s skin during the decontamination process, and cover all open wounds. Ensure that the patient/victim has an unobstructed airway. Sweileh JA [1989]. Requires an additional stage and reagent to remove iron cyanide (if precipitate (such as in reaction 9) Escape mask, face shield, coveralls, long underwear, a hard hat worn under the chemical-resistant suit, and chemical-resistant disposable boot-covers worn over the chemical-resistant suit are optional items. Synonyms & Trade Names Sodium salt of hydrocyanic acid CAS No. A gas chromatographic method for determining residues of sodium cyanide in vegetation and soil. No containers of acid should be in the fume hood or work area. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements, or confined areas. In conjunction with tosylhydrazine, sodium cyanoborohydride is used in the reductive deoxygenation of ketones. Vapors may collect and stay in confined areas (e.g., sewers, basements, and tanks). Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material. At pH 9.4, in an aqueous solution of sodium cyanide, half of the total cyanide is present as hydrogen cyanide as in Eq. EPA SW-846 Method 9014: Titrimetric and manual spectrophotometric determinative methods for cyanide. Cyanide can refer to any chemical that contains a carbon-nitrogen (CN) bond. Position the decontamination corridor upwind and uphill of the hot zone. [1985]. In animals exposed to 300ppm, male rats had slightly lower final mean body weights and mean body Kubá? Okuno I, Whitehead JA, Higgins WH, Savarie PJ [1979]. Adding hypochlorite raises the pH, which, if unchecked, lowers the ORP. For severe physical findings such as coma; cessation of breathing (apnea); seizures; slowness of the heart rate, usually to fewer than 60 beats per minute (bradycardia); abnormally low blood pressure (hypotension); bluish skin coloring due to abnormally low levels of oxygen in the blood (cyanosis); irregular heart beat (dysrhythmias); and/or accumulation of fluid in the lungs (pulmonary edema): Technical Support Documentpdf iconexternal icon. Groups of 10 rats and 10 mice per sex were administered sodium cyanide in drinking water at concentrations of 0, 3, 10, 30, 100, and 300ppm for 13weeks. Stay upwind. The decontamination zone for exiting should be upwind and uphill from the zone used to enter. Cardiovascular effects: palpitations. Handling/Storage Use only inside a fume hood, ensuring work is at least 6” behind the sash inside the hood. Niknahad H, Ghelichkhani E [2002]. Although HCN is highly soluble in water, its solubility decreases with increased temperature and under highly saline conditions. Cyanide. One method involves combining sodium cyanide … What is the pH of a 0.15 M aqueous solution of NaX? Determination of cyanide and thiocyanate by a spectrophotometric flow-injection method. 58 / Monday, March 26, 2012 / Rules and Regulations 03/28/2018 EN (English US) 3/10 The tetrahedral anion BH 3 (CN) − comprises the salt. For fire involving tanks or car/trailer loads, fight the fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Limited to coveralls or other work clothes, boots, and gloves. Consult with the Incident Commander regarding the agent dispersed, dissemination method, level of PPE required, location, geographic complications (if any), and the approximate number of remains. For information on who to contact in an emergency, see the CDC website at emergency.cdc.gov or call the CDC public response hotline at (888) 246-2675 (English), (888) 246-2857 (Español), or (866) 874-2646 (TTY). Sodium cyanide reacts violently with strong oxidants such as nitrates, chlorates, nitric acid, and peroxides, causing an explosion hazard. Haddad PR, Alexander PW, Trojanowicz M [1985]. Outdoor Air: Sodium cyanide can be released into outdoor air as fine droplets, liquid spray (aerosol), or fine particles. IMPORTANT NOTE: Interim AEGLs are established following review and consideration by the National Advisory Committee for AEGLs (NAC/AEGL) of public comments on Proposed AEGLs. Plugging into the original equation yields: Solving for x yields 1.2 x 10-3  whidh is equal to the [OH-], The pOH then is equal to -log (1.2x10-3) = 2.9, The pH of the solution would be 14 - 2.9 = 11.1. A hooded chemical-resistant suit that provides protection against CBRN agents. Chemical-resistant boots with a steel toe and shank. This is particularly relevant to mining operations in WA that can only access high salinity water or face other water resource management issues. At a pH of 11, over 99% of the cyanide remains in solution as CN-, while at pH 7, over 99% of the cyanide will exist as HCN. Antagonism of cyanide poisoning by dihydroxyacetone. Cyanide is usually found joined with other chemicals to form compounds. In some cases, revised Interim values may be posted on this Web site, but the revised Interim Technical Support Document for the chemical may be subject to change. The sodium cyanide (NaCN) market is expected to witness a CAGR of above 6% during the forecast period. Sodium cyanide solution in water is a strong base; it reacts violently with acid and is corrosive. Move the patient/victim to an area where emergency medical treatment can be provided. calling for additional hypochlorite. Ann Clin Biochem 36(6):755-758. Sodium cyanide is incompatible with strong oxidants. Here’s how to identify the symptoms of poisoning, who’s at risk, and more. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. A NIOSH-certified CBRN tight-fitting APR with a canister-type gas mask or CBRN PAPR for air levels greater than AEGL-2. Remove the patient/victim from the contaminated area and into the decontamination corridor. On the flip side, the toxicity of sodium cyanide hampers the growth of the market studied. With Ka for HCN = 4.9x10^-10, what is the pH of a 0.068M aqueous solution of sodium cyanide? (39.6) (Ullmann’s,1987). Soft brushes should be available to remove contamination from the PPE. See the Decontamination section for patient/victim decontamination procedures. Isolate the area until gas has dispersed. Method comparison for the determination of total cyanide in deposited blast furnace sludge. NMAM Method 7904: Cyanides, aerosol and gas. Hydrogen cyanide gas produced from sodium cyanide mixes well with air; explosive mixtures are easily formed. Do not direct water at the spill or the source of the leak. Talanta 28(4):255-256. This reaction may be brought about through direct addition of sodium hypochlorite or by addition of chlorine gas and sodium … See the PPE section of this card for detailed information. Sodium cyanide (NaCN) releases free cyanide as long as the pH is above 10 (otherwise substantial HCN is formed). Enhanced conductometric detection of cyanide in suppressed ion chromatography. Severe: CNS effects: coma, seizures, and dilated pupils (mydriasis). Conversion. In fact, you can find cyanide in nitriles used as pharmaceuticals, such as citalopram (Celexa) and cimetidine (Tagamet). EPA SW-846 Method 9010B: Total and amenable cyanide: distillation. Decontamination area workers should wear appropriate PPE. Sodium cyanide is incompatible with strong oxidants. If signs of whole-body (systemic) poisoning appear, see the Inhalation section for treatment recommendations. Monitor the patient/victim for signs of whole-body (systemic) effects. This is important for the mechanism. Anal Chim Acta 188:317-319. However, methemoglobin levels should be monitored and not allowed to exceed 40%. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive, and/or toxic gases. See the Antidote section for antidote administration procedures. See Inhalation Exposure. Sodium cyanide (as CN) Related Pages. Changes to Interim values and Technical Support Documents may occur prior to publication of Final AEGL values. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Wash and rinse (using cold or warm water) until the contaminant is thoroughly removed. Run-off from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic, and it may cause pollution. Gives insoluble products with silver(I), mercury(I) and lead(II) ions that may decompose violently under certain conditions. Sodium cyanide is water-reactive. NaCN. Cruz-Landeira A, Lopez-Rivadulla M, Concheiro-Carro L, Fernandez-Gomez P, Tabernero-Duque MJ [2000]. In the event of a poison emergency, call the poison center immediately at 1-800-222-1222. No deaths attributed to sodium cyanide administration occurred in either species. Irritation, tissue damage (ulceration), burning sensation, and pain. Structure and preparation. Anal Chim Acta 220:65-74. This reaction may be brought about through direct addition of sodium hypochlorite or by addition of chlorine gas and sodium hydroxide. NIOSH [1994]. The solution will contain hydrogen cyanide (from the reaction between the sodium or potassium cyanide and the sulphuric acid), but still contains some free cyanide ions. Gas permeation and preconcentration in the flow-injection determination of acid-available cyanide in waste water. At a pH of 9.3 - 9.5, CN - and HCN are in equilibrium, with equal amounts of each present. Ikebukuro K, Shimomura M, Onuma N, Watanabe A, Nomura Y, Nakanishi K, Arikawa Y, Karube L [1996]. Absorption through the skin can contribute to whole-body (systemic) toxicity. GI effects: nausea and vomiting (emesis). See the PPE section of this card for detailed information. Contact with the eyes can contribute to whole-body (systemic) toxicity.

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