Staff and skills in a clandestine HUMINT operations station, Stations under official but nondiplomatic cover, Moving new agents into illegal residencies, Transportation, Infiltration, exfiltration, logistics, Brush pass and other physical exchange with couriers, Steganography, covert channels, and spread spectrum, Methods of protecting against electronic detection of the fact of messaging, Learn how and when to remove these template messages, http://militera.lib.ru/research/suvorov8/18.html, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Berlin plaque pays tribute to "Schindler of Stourbridge, "Agent Radio Operation During World War II", "Soviet Strategic Intelligence Deception Organizations", Counterintelligence and counter-terrorism organizations, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clandestine_HUMINT_operational_techniques&oldid=999483479, Articles needing cleanup from December 2019, Articles with close paraphrasing from December 2019, Articles that may be too long from May 2008, Wikipedia introduction cleanup from August 2014, Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from August 2014, All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify, Wikipedia articles with style issues from February 2019, Articles with multiple maintenance issues, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Public association with the service's country, but no diplomatic immunity, No affiliation with host nation government, Illegal (usually with an assumed identity), Nonofficial cover (NOC). Even more sophisticated computer-dependent methods can protect information. 5) _____ is a hostile environment that often presents complex emotional and ethical dilemmas. See Clandestine HUMINT and Covert Action for more history and detail. Another kind of resource could include foreign offices owned or operated by nationals of the country in question. SR team members can be trained to use them, or specialists can be attached. The decision had been made that Red Cross parcels were important to the survival of the POWs and could never be jeopardized. The cavalry squadron (reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition [RSTA]) is the primary force for providing combat information to build the knowledge base necessary to … The U.S. “black budget” spans over a dozen agencies that make up … First, US-led SR teams, under Project DELTA sent in US-led teams. US Army Battlefield Surveillance Brigades (BfSB) have specialized Long Range Surveillance (LRS) companies.[6]. With other countries, "cultural attaché" was often a cover job, although, again, it might be legitimate. "The prime emphasis is put on vigilance and checking-has he been planted by the local counterintelligence, are his motives in agreeing to collaborate sincere? While deception and influence operations could involve the highest levels of Allied governments in World War II, it is worth noting that while the West generally speaks of military deception, strategic deception operates at a higher level. SR, going back to Vietnam, was far more potent when it directed external firepower onto the target rather than engaging it with its own weapons. His agents were made comfortable not only by his cigars and beer but also by the easy flow of communication. Typically, SR units are used to the area of operations, and are quite comfortable with local food if necessary. They cannot be searched if the toss is observed, but they also are followed more easily. Software defined radio, along with standard information exchange protocols such as JTIDS Link 16, are enabling appropriate communications and situation awareness, reducing the chance of fratricide, across multiple military services. Cox had significant knowledge of British radar, and conflicting reports say that the force was under orders to kill him rather than let him be captured. ). It may be electronic. Physical distances: The area of operations may be well beyond the forward line of troops, and require special skills to reach the area. The last might seem surprising but this was under a GRU assumption that military attaches would always be assumed to be intelligence officers, but that members of the civilian part of an embassy might actually be diplomats rather than intelligence officers.[2]. As a role, SR is distinct from commando operations, but both are often carried out by the same units. Regular ground forces, for example, might need a road and bridge surveyed to know whether heavy vehicles can cross it. (FM 7-93), PDF downloadable version of the US Army’s Long Range Surveillance Unit Operations Field Manual. [16] This produced quite limited results, and, in 1964, Project LEAPING LENA parachuted in teams of Vietnamese Montagnards led by Vietnamese Special Forces. Skills here can include the operation of cameras appropriate for espionage, methods of carrying out documents without detection, secret writing. One is the Soviet ability to mesh overt and covert influence activities through centralized coordination of party, government, and ostensibly private organizations dealing with foreigners. A Soviet, and presumably Russian, term of art, maskirovka or 'denial and deception', is much broader than the current Western doctrine of deception being run by lower-level staff groups. 3.Special Reconnaissance. The leader of such a group is called, in Soviet terminology, a gropovod, and is conceptually the only member of the group that communicates with Moscow. The US Government established the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), modeled on the British SOE, in June 1942. Special reconnaissance (SR) is conducted by small units of highly trained military personnel, usually from special forces units or military intelligence organizations, who operate behind enemy lines, avoiding direct combat and detection by the enemy. The very knowledge that a dead drop exists can cause it to be trapped or put under surveillance, and the member of a brush pass that carries it will be hard-pressed to explain it. Certain diplomatic titles were often assumed to be cover jobs. "Safehouse" is a term of intelligence tradecraft whose origins may be lost in antiquity. The transmission may be impersonal, as with dead drops or car tosses. En route, a second agent unknown to the first agent picks his/her pocket and then passes the report on unread, either to a cut-out or to an intelligence officer. During Operation Desert Storm, the US senior commanders, Colin Powell and Norman Schwarzkopf were opposed to using ground troops to search for Iraqi mobile SCUD launchers. Beyond the station chief, the most likely person to be associated with the station, not as a case officer, is a communicator, especially if highly specialized secure communication methods are used. Another technique, for hiding content that will resist casual examination, is to reduce the message to a photographic transparency or negative, perhaps the size of the dot over the letter "i" in this article. This section deals with the general structure of running espionage operations. It may also involve offensive counterintelligence against country D assets operating in country B. Collection Management Officer (aka Reports Officer, Intelligence Officer): does preliminary report categorization and organization. The number of meetings should be kept as low as possible, especially with sources of valuable information. SR teams could throw colored smoke grenades as a visual reference, but they needed to be in dangerously close range to the enemy to do so. These patrols surveyed major centers of enemy activity. While "wrong number" calls with a predefined apology can be used, they are more vulnerable to surveillance if the phone in question is tapped. While the FACs immediately helped, air-ground cooperation improved significantly with the use of remote geophysical MASINT sensors, although MASINT had not yet been coined as a term.[17]. It is extremely difficult for a nonprofessional to develop a cryptosystem, especially without computer support, that is impervious to the attack by a professional cryptanalyst, working for an agency with government resources, such as the US NSA or Russian Spetssvyaz. His overt role, in 1949, was directing a program that paid subsidies to German scientists, part of a larger program of denying German talent to the Soviets. signal site) to let a courier know that something needs to be taken out of the box and delivered to the next point on the route to the case officer. Certain services, such as name checks, communications, cover identities, and technical support may reasonably be combined, although the requirements of a particular field network should be held on a need-to-know basis. It was easier, of course, for the socialist USSR to assign people to state agencies. If there is a need for personal meetings, the agent must know how to request them, and also to alert the network leader or case officer that the agent may be under suspicion. A mixture of SR, DA, and seizing opportunities characterized Operation Rooster 53, originally planned as a mission to locate and disable a radar. In some extreme situations, and depending strongly on the particular organization, wounded personnel who cannot travel may be killed by their own side, to avoid capture, with potential interrogation, perhaps under torture, and compromise of the special reconnaissance mission. An intermediate approach has the touchscreenofficers clearly working for their country but without diplomatic immunity and with a cover role that does not immediately suggest intelligence affiliation. SEAL Platoon Limitations In addition to its particular objectives more general needs can be filled. counterterrorism, counterinsurgency, and direct action missions over the past decade, but in order to address the ambiguous ties occurring today, activi they will need to give more attentionto other missions in the SOF toolkit (such as unconventional warfare, special reconnaissance, preparation of … A message left in a dead drop, or dropped during an improperly executed brush pass, is quite incriminating if counterintelligence personnel can immediately see suspicious information written on it. Small and medium aviation-related businesses have been popular US proprietaries, including Air America and Southern Air Transport. Cell systems are evolving to more decentralized models, sometimes because they are enabled by new forms of electronic communications. Certain organizations are tasked for a response involving areas contaminated by chemicals, biological agents, or radioactivity. The only commonality they might have is emergency use of diplomatic facilities. Occasionally, they may produce a profit, and that can be confusing for headquarters financial managers, provide a local but perhaps traceable source of funds, or both. Once the service has a presence in aviation, it may become aware of persons, in private business, civil service, or the military, who fly to destinations of interest. Active measures, however, reflected a national effort to influence other countries to act in concert with Soviet goals. This plainly makes life more secure for both parties. their specially equipped four-wheel-drive vehicles from bases in GPS tells the patrol its location, but laser rangefinders and other equipment can tell them the exact location of a target to send to a fire support unit. Reconnaissance and surveillance actions conducted at strategic or operational levels to complement national and theater-level collection efforts. Under Israeli pressure to send its own SOF teams into western Iraq and the realization that British SAS were already hunting SCUDs, US Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney proposed using US SR teams as well as SAS. It should be possible to approach the container to fill or empty it, and not be easily observed from a street or window. In peacetime the deployment of submarines in forward areas can demonstrate US interest in the region. Adding acoustic information may quickly help differentiate them. They can do target analysis, and also graph various activities on a polar chart centered either on an arbitrary reference or on the principal target. Beach and shallow water reconnaissance, immediately before an amphibious landing is direct support to the invasion, not SR. SR would determine if a given beach is suitable for any landing, well before the operational decision to invade. Ideally, a long-range reconnaissance patrol conducting an SR mission (“Reconnaissance and surveillance actions conducted as a special operation in hostile, denied, or politically sensitive environments to collect or verify information of strategic or operational significance, employing military capabilities not normally found in conventional forces. CAMPIA TURZII, Romania (AFNS) -- The U.S. Air Force recently deployed MQ-9 Reaper aircraft and approximately 90 Airmen at the 71st Air Base in Campia Turzii, Romania, to conduct intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance missions in support of NATO operations. Flight plans?" An F-13 conducted the first flight by an Allied aircraft over Tokyo since the Doolittle Raid of April 1942. The processing and exploitation phase increases the utility of the collected data by Reconnaissance, surveillance, and security are continuous processes that should be conducted 24 hours a day. SR personnel generally report basic information, which may be expressed with the "SALUTE" mnemonic. [22] The senior British officer of the Coalition, Peter de la Billière was himself a former SAS commander and well-disposed to use SAS. It may also include operations against non-state organizations operating in country B, with or without country B support. The SR role frequently includes covert direction of air and missile attacks, in areas deep behind enemy lines, placement of remo… The SR team can emplace remotely operated weather instrumentation. "Witting" is a term of intelligence art that indicates that one is not only aware of a fact or piece of information, but also aware of its connection to intelligence activities. Other major differences are in scope, intensity, and importance attributed to active measures and covert action, and in immunity from legal and political constraints.". The Army has conducted reconnaissance and surveillance tasks since ... Reconnaissance and surveillance assets are normally not held ... Situation templates for up to three enemy courses of action. Still, the agent may need to have an emergency escape procedure if he confirms he is under surveillance, or even if he is interrogated but released. A Western term for agents controlled as individuals is singleton. In Soviet theory, influencing policy was one aspect of what they termed active measures (aktivnyye meropriyatiya). The pattern of having groups that are self-organizing and have preexisting ties, making them virtually impossible to infiltrate, has survived the GRU and is common in terrorist networks. Case officers should constantly test their agents for changes in motivation or possible counterintelligence compromise. Another option is underwater movement, by swimming or delivery vehicle, from a submarine or an offshore surface ship. Remote sensing is generally understood to have begun with US operations against the Laotian part of the Ho Chi Minh trail, in 1961. For the legal officer, "here it is best either to have reliable safehouses or to deliver the agent discreetly to the official residency building. Reconnaissance and surveillance actions conducted as a special operation in hostile, denied, or politically sensitive environments to collect or verify information of strategic or operational significance, employing military capabilities not normally found in conventional forces. In a properly executed brush pass, the agents do not even stop walking; at most, they may appear to bump into one another. Squadron-size task forces or larger organizations usually conduct a reconnaissance in force. Sufficiently large stations may have several independent, compartmented groups. Counterintelligence could wait until the car is out of sight following a toss, then apprehend and interrogate the courier, or simply keep the courier under surveillance to discover another link in the message route. Some clandestine services may have additional capabilities for operations or support. [14] "Brush" implies that the two people "brush" past one another, typically in a public place and preferably a crowd, where random people interfere with any visual surveillance. Like other special forces, SR units may also carry out direct action and unconventional warfare, including guerrilla operations. In a city, a safehouse may be an apartment or house that is not known to be associated with an intelligence service. This technique presents opportunities both for plausible deniability and for penetration by hostile agents. A meeting held for training purposes may be a means for clarifying biographic data on the agent or his views on various subjects. Among those Airmen are MQ-9 maintainers and launch and recovery aircrew from the 31st Expeditionary Operations … Only with such reporting can a headquarters staff remain vigilant, looking globally for penetrations, and also aware of political implications. Availability of required special skills and expertise: The most basic requirement for SR is to be able to remain unobserved, which may take special skills and equipment. But of the radio equipment which may interest radio and radiotechnical reconnaissance, of which surveillance must be done, or of which we have the capability to do surveillance… That Fisher/Abel only had one assistant, with operational responsibilities, is not surprising. SR also provides information on weather, obscuring factors such as terrain masking and camouflage, friendly or civilian presence in the target area, and other information that will be needed in targeting by independent attack systems. Collect meteorological, hydrographic, geographic, and demographic data; provide target acquisition, area assessment, and post-strike reconnaissance data. The basic structure here can be pertinent to a domestic service operating against a non-national group within its borders. consciously serves Soviet interests on some matters while retaining his integrity on others. The US Marine Corps often detaches sniper teams organic to combat units, to establish clandestine observation posts. They evaluate targets using the "CARVER" mnemonic:[21], There are some differences between the general and the SR process of target acquisition: conventional units identify targets that directly affects the performance of their mission, while SR target acquisition includes identifying enemy locations or resources of strategic significance with a much wider scope. There is no consensus on whether it is, or is not, advisable to intermingle espionage and direct action organizations, even at the headquarters level. While unmanned aerial vehicles obviously involve more technologies than electronics, the availability of man-portable UAVs for launch by the patrol, as well as communications between the patrol and a high-performance UAV, may result in fundamentally new tactical doctrines. This section deals with the recruiting of human resources who do not work for a foreign intelligence service (FIS). Vilyam Genrikhovich Fisher, usually better known by his alias, Rudolf Abel, was a Soviet intelligence officer who came to the US under the false identity of a US citizen, Emil Robert Goldfus, who had died in infancy but was used by the USSR to create an elaborate legend for Fisher. Frequently, at least one individual is known to the host country, so there can be a deniable channel of communications. Another viable industry for proprietaries is natural resources exploration. Modern techniques generally combine several methods: Exploring agent information often meant a good deal of interaction, in which the home service would clarify what the agent reported, give new orders, etc. Most SR units are trained in advanced helicopter movement and at least basic parachuting; some SR will have HAHO and HALO advanced parachute capability. [11] Until an agent is well established as reliable, meetings must always be done with care to avoid detection. In looking at internal as well as external assets, remember the fundamental rule of clandestine operations: the more secure, the less efficient. a. Pre-Surveillance Conference b. Reconnaissance and surveillance actions normally conducted in a clandestine or covert manner to collect or verify information of strategic or operational significance, employing military capabilities not normally found in conventional forces are called these actions acquire information concerning the capabilities, intentions and activities of an enemy. [citation needed]. A car toss can take many forms, one of which can be considered a moving dead drop. During the Vietnam War, respective division and brigades in-country trained their Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol members (now known as the Long Range Surveillance units). They may infiltrate by foot, used when the enemy does not have full view of his own lines, such that skilled soldiers can move through their own front lines and, as a small unit, penetrate those of the enemy. Carried three K-17B, two K-22 and one K-18 cameras with provisions for others. Not all surveillance is conducted for nefarious purposes, however. On their mission, they then confirm, amplify, correct, or refute this information. Killing wounded personnel is described as a feature of Soviet and Russian Spetsnaz doctrine. One of the more common means of exfiltration is by special operations helicopters. Clandestine HUMINT sources may also act as local guides for special reconnaissance. Special reconnaissance (SR) is conducted by small units of highly trained military personnel, usually from special forces units or military intelligence organizations, who operate behind enemy lines, avoiding direct combat and detection by the enemy. The separated agent then occupies one of three guises: the separated acting agent, the agent group and the agent residency. While there are obvious risks to doing so,[2] SR-trained units can operate out of uniform. SR will have more organic support capabilities, including long-range communications, possibly Signals Intelligence and other means of collecting technical intelligence, and usually at least one medical technician who can do more than basic first aid.

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